Farnesene

Farnesene is a group of six closely related sesquiterpenes (C₁₅H₂₄) found throughout nature. The most common form, (E,E)-α-farnesene, is a major component of the waxy coating on apple skins and comprises about 65% of gardenia flower volatiles. Its complex aroma includes citrus, herbal, lavender, woody, and green notes.

Beyond its pleasant fragrance, farnesene plays important ecological roles as a chemical signal between organisms. Certain forms act as alarm pheromones in insects, while plants like potatoes have evolved to produce β-farnesene as a natural defense against aphids. Recent research has also explored farnesene as a renewable biofuel precursor. In cannabis, farnesene contributes subtle fruity, calming qualities and is most commonly found as a secondary terpene rather than a dominant one.