Caryophyllene

Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is a bicyclic sesquiterpene (C₁₅H₂₄) with a unique chemical structure: it contains both a cyclobutane ring and a trans-double bond in a 9-membered ring, both rarities in nature. It comprises 3.8–37.5% of cannabis flower essential oil depending on the strain, and is abundant in black pepper, cloves, hops, and rosemary.

What makes caryophyllene truly exceptional among terpenes is its ability to bind directly to CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the body's endocannabinoid system, with a binding affinity of Ki = 155 nM. This makes it the only terpene known to act as a dietary cannabinoid. This CB2 interaction is associated with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects without the psychoactive properties of THC (which binds to CB1 receptors).

Caryophyllene holds GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status from the FDA and is approved as a food additive. Toxicological studies show excellent safety profiles. Its anti-inflammatory properties make it particularly interesting for pain management, and strains high in caryophyllene are often recommended for users seeking relief from inflammation, arthritis, and chronic pain.